Analysis of Ray Bradbury´s Farenheit 451 - 689 Words

Before meeting Clarisse, Montag was a strong adherent of the societal function of book burning. He was rather oblivious to the ignorant and critically dull society he lived in. His meeting with Clarisse was the beginning of his Metamorphosis into a critically aware and enlightened individual, one who could see the errors of society in forming a bubble around them. This â€Å"bubble† forming that Clarisse leads Montag away from is a serious issue, and even affects our real modern day world. The first sentence of the book reads â€Å"IT WAS A PLEASURE TO BURN† (1). This sentence highlights the state Montag is in, and in doing so it also reveals the disposition of society in relation to our current time. Montag is painted as a vicious creature, one that uses a â€Å"great python spitting its venomous kerosene upon the world†, while having a synthetic smile engraved onto his face(1). His smile is a symbol of his society’s mindless pursuit of synthetic happine ss. The simile also serves the reader as a gauge of Montag’s character development. The same thing can also be said of the first sentence in this novel. Thus, when Clarisse asks the question â€Å"Are you happy† Montag’s Smile melts and, in essence, this serves as the start of Montag’s evolution. (4). Montag’s first encounter with Clarisse is described with a heavy amount of imaginary, particularly nature related imaginary. Ray Bradbury says â€Å"The autumn leaves blew over the moonlit pavement... letting the motion of the wind and the leaves

The Los Angeles Riots And The Conflict Between Korean...

With the case study of the Los Angeles riots, they showcase the tensions and violence mainly between Korean Americans and African Americans, and bring into perspective why minority groups might be hostile towards each other. These antagonisms between minority groups in the U.S. have been a product of obstacles and structures placed on them. Some of the problems and structures that have led to antagonism between groups of color have first been with the way race is perceived, mainly in a black and white paradigm. There has also been an avoidance to connect class rather than race as another structure that causes tensions between groups. Tactics from the dominant groups (whites), like divide and conquer has led to tensions between groups that†¦show more content†¦This doesn’t work with interminority relations as Tawa, Suyemoto, and Turiac state because they are framed as oppressed and no minority group has absolute power. As Sexton states, in his article â€Å"Proprietie s of Coalition: Blacks, Asians, and the Politics of Policing,† that the black-white paradigm should be displaced because it does not always work. Sexton argues that â€Å"†¦we may recognize that its purported institutionalization indicates more about the enduring force of anti-blackness than the insistence of black scholars, activists or communities more generally.† Accepting this type of framing the result is disputes amongst minority groups that stereotype each other and invalidate their oppressions, thus resulting in the dominant group benefiting from this. Using the black-white paradigm really misses the complexities of minority relations in connection to the dominant White groups. There is a connection though, on how minority groups see prejudice when they feel like their resources are seen as belonging to a certain group that may have the most power between them. As Tawa, Suyemoto, and Turiac suggest, although no minority group has absolute power some groups may have relative power. Like the example of the â€Å"model minority† given to Asians, may have given them some power over other minority groups, for example Blacks. This helps explain some power dynamics between minority groups that may lead to

Ap Bio Chapter 4 Course Learning Objectives Free Essays

Chapter 4 CLO 1. A branch of chemistry dealing with compounds of Carbon. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Ap Bio Chapter 4 Course Learning Objectives or any similar topic only for you Order Now Carbon’s has 4 valence electrons that can form covalent bonds with others atoms (Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Carbon atoms mostly) to make large, complex and diverse organic molecules. 3. The carbon skeleton vary in 4 areas, 1. Length 2. Branching 3. Double Bond Position 4. Presence of Rings. Carbon skeletons can have double bonds in different locations and also different numbers of double bonds. . Hydrocarbons only have hydrogen and carbon molecules, hence the name. Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic because they mostly consist of hydrogen and carbon bonds that have no charge, therefore don’t attract additional bonds. 5. Isomers are compounds made up of the same number of atoms and the same type of elements but configured differently, giving them different functions. There are 3 types of isomers, 1. Structural isomers differ in the arrangement of their bonds. 2. Geometric isomers have different arrangement around a double bond due to the double bond’s inflexibility for atoms to rotate around it. 3. Enantiomers isomers are mirror images of each other due to the arrangement of atoms around an asymmetric carbon atom. 6. a. Hydroxyl group is a hydrogen atom and oxygen atom, which is bonded to a Carbon atom. Is polar because the electrons spend more time by the negative oygen atom. Helps dissolve organic compounds because of ability to form hydrogen bonds. b. Carbonyl group is a carbon atom that is double bonded to a oxygen atom. The 2 types of Carbonyl group compounds (Ketones and Aldehydes) can be structural isomers, which would give them different properties. c. Carboxyl group is a oxygen atom double bonded to a carbon atom and bonded to a –OH group. Basically a combination of the Hydroxyl and Carbonyl groups. Acts as an acid. Has ability to give H+ atom due to polarity of the covalent bond of OH. Also has a charge of 1-, called carboxylate ion. d. Amino group is a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon atom. Acts as a base and can take the H+ from other compound. Also has a charge of 1+. e. Sulfhydryl group is a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, shaped like hydroxyl group. Can stabilize protein structures by forming covalent bonds with another sulfhydryl group. f. Phosphate group is a phosphorus atom that is bonded to 4 oxygen atoms, two of which are negatively charged, one is bonded to the carbon atom and the last one is double bonded to the phosphorus. When at the end of a molecule the charge is 2-, when in a chain of phosphates the charge is 1-. Has potential to release energy by reacting with water. g. Methyl group is a carbon atom attached to 3 hydrogen atoms and to a carbon or different atom. Affects the expression of genes by addition to DNA or molecules bound to DNA. The methyl group’s arrangement affects the shape and function in male in female sex hormones. 7. The ATP functions as the primary energy transfer molecule by having a reaction with water. ATP reacts with water by having a phosphate atom split off. This reaction releases energy that the cell can use. How to cite Ap Bio Chapter 4 Course Learning Objectives, Essay examples

Web-Based Decision Support System For Managing Panicle Caterpillars

Question: Describe about A Web-Based Decision Support System For Managing Panicle Caterpillar. Answer: Executive support systems in high degree of uncertainty situations Yin (2015) depicts that a support system is a software that allows the transformation of organization's data into usefully summarized data, which offers the managing authorities of an organization for effective decision making. Gohel and Gondalia (2013) furthermore, describes that false assumptions, inaccurate estimations of the probabilities, difficulty in evaluating the utility functions and incapability of forecasting errors are some uncertain situation that drives the decision making abilities. EIS provides information-based insight and understanding for easy management of enterprise-wide DSS that offer executives to analyze, compare, and highlight trends to monitor organizations performance and profitability through a graphical display (Galliers Leidner, 2014). The informatory statistics of the organization in the computer system helps the managers to evaluate the possible risk and likelihood of negative consequences and minimize the risk by proper judgment. Bonczek et al. (2014) illustrates that EIS helps an organization to overcome numerous form of risk like strategic risk that is risk evolved from investments an organization financial risk that can arise due to poor allocation of resources. Operational risks and legal risk can also be a reason for an uncertain situation that resembles the threats in designing the processes to create and deliver services and risk in litigation orambiguity of the undertaken legislations respectively (Galliers Leidner, 2014). Summary It can be concluded that an effective executive support system not only helps the managing authorities to brief the organizational details, but it also helps them to report the exception like the evolution of any risk in business and analyze them in a customized way. The important data of the business can be downloaded automatically from the database and can be used to formulate decision for the betterment of the organization. Various uses of Decision Support System Power et al. (2015) demonstrates that an efficient decision support system (DSS) can be customized according to a businesss demand and requirement. Thus, it can be used for various purposes like in inventory management, where DSS applications can provide guidance on supply chain movement. On the other hand, Scott et al. (2015) depicts that DSS also helps in the sales process, where managers can evaluate sales optimization and sales projections for better productivity and profitability. In addition to that, Shibl et al. (2013) portrays that in the production of an organization, DSS can help the managers in procurement analysis, production planning, cost estimation and analysis, manpower loading and inventory planning and control. Moreover, Backoulou et al. (2014) describes that in the financial analysis also DSS plays a crucial role in helping the organization to capitalize the budget, tax planning, strategic financial planning and budgeting, financial planning and analysis and cash and working capital management. Silva et al. (2014) also depicted that there are some facilities that both EIS and DSS provide to the organization - predefined reports, model building along with EIS facilities. Figure 1: EIS and DSS are different levels of information support (Source: Backoulou et al., 2014) Summary A data support system is a computer application that evaluates the business data and provides the managing authorities the ability to make a decision for the advancement of the company. This application allows the compilation of crucial organizational data or business model that provides competitive advantage. Kokshenev et al. (2015) depicts that some of the advantageous factors obtained by using DSS is that it improves interpersonal communication by enhancing collaboration among decision-makers. Furthermore, DSS is not only time effective, but it also increase the satisfaction level of the decision maker by promoting learning ability of new concepts and developing a better factual understanding of the business objectives. Reference List Backoulou, G. F., Elliott, N. C., Royer, T. A., McCornack, B. P., Giles, K. L., Pendleton, B. B., Brewer, M. J. (2014). A web-based decision support system for managing panicle caterpillars in sorghum.Crop Management,13(1). Bonczek, R. H., Holsapple, C. W., Whinston, A. B. (2014).Foundations of decision support systems. Academic Press. Galliers, R. D., Leidner, D. E. (2014).Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Gohel, H., Gondalia, V. (2013). Executive Information Advancement of Knowledge Based Decision Support System for Organization of United Kingdom.International journal of advanced and innovative research, 41-50. Kokshenev, I., Parreiras, R. O., Ekel, P. Y., Alves, G. B., Menicucci, S. V. (2015). A web-based decision support center for electrical energy companies.IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems,23(1), 16-28. Power, D. J., Sharda, R., Burstein, F. (2015).Decision support systems. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Scott, J., Ho, W., Dey, P. K., Talluri, S. (2015). A decision support system for supplier selection and order allocation in stochastic, multi-stakeholder and multi-criteria environments.International Journal of Production Economics,166, 226-237. Shibl, R., Lawley, M., Debuse, J. (2013). Factors influencing decision support system acceptance.Decision Support Systems,54(2), 953-961. Silva, S., Alada-Almeida, L., Dias, L. C. (2014). Development of a Web-based Multi-criteria Spatial Decision Support System for the assessment of environmental sustainability of dairy farms.Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,108, 46-57. Yin, C. Y. (2015). Measuring organizational impacts by integrating competitive intelligence into executive information system.Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 1-15.

Communication Challenges of the Charity in Management

Animal Domestication - Table of Dates and Places

Animal Domestication - Table of Dates and Places Animal domestication is what scholars call the millennia-long process that created the mutually beneficial relationship that exists today between animals and humans. Some of the ways people benefit from owning a domesticated animal include keeping cattle in pens for access to milk and meat and for pulling plows; training dogs to be guardians and companions; teaching horses to adapt to the plow or take a farmer to visit relatives living long distances away; and changing the lean, nasty wild boar into a fat, friendly farm animal.   While it may seem that people get all of the benefits out of the relationship, people also share some of the costs. Humans shelter animals, protecting them from harm and feeding them to fatten them up and make sure they reproduce for the next generation. But some of our most unpleasant diseasestuberculosis, anthrax, and bird flu are just a fewcome from the proximity to animal pens, and it is quite clear that our societies were directly molded by our new responsibilities. How Did That Happen? Not counting the domestic dog, who has been our partner for at least 15,000 years, the animal domestication process started about 12,000 years ago. Over that time, humans have learned to control animal access to food and other necessities of life by changing the behaviors and natures of their wild ancestors. All of the animals that we share our lives with today, such as dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, camels, geese, horses, and pigs, started out as wild animals but were changed over the hundreds and thousands of years into more sweet-natured and tractable partners in farming.   And its not just behavioral changes that were made during the domestication processour new domesticated partners share a suite of physical changes, changes that were bred it either directly or indirectly during the domestication process. A reduction in size, white coats, ​and floppy ears are all mammalian syndrome characteristics bred into several of our domestic animal partners.   Who Knows Where and When? Different animals were domesticated in different parts of the world at different times by different cultures and different economies and climates. The following table describes the latest information on when scholars believe different animals were turned from wild beasts to be hunted or avoided, into animals we could live with and rely on. The table summarizes the current understandings of the earliest likely domestication date for each of the animal species  and a very rounded figure for when that might have happened. Live links on the table lead to in-depth personal histories of our collaborations with specific animals. Archaeologist Melinda Zeder has hypothesized three broad pathways in which animal domestication might have occurred. commensal pathway: wild animals were attracted to human settlements by the presence of food refuse (dogs, cats, guinea pigs)prey pathway, or game management: in which actively hunted animals were first managed (cattle, goats, sheep, camelids, reindeer, and swine)directed pathway: a deliberate effort by humans to capture, domesticate and use the animals (horses, donkeys, camels, reindeer). Thanks to Ronald Hicks at Ball State University for suggestions. Similar information on the domestication dates and places of plants is found on the Table of Plant Domestication. Sources See table listings for details on specific animals. Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. Domestication Table Animal Where Domesticated Date Dog undetermined ~14-30,000 BC? Sheep Western Asia 8500 BC Cat Fertile Crescent 8500 BC Goats Western Asia 8000 BC Pigs Western Asia 7000 BC Cattle Eastern Sahara 7000 BC Chicken Asia 6000 BC Guinea pig Andes Mountains 5000 BC Taurine Cattle Western Asia 6000 BC Zebu Indus Valley 5000 BC Llama and Alpaca Andes Mountains 4500 BC Donkey Northeast Africa 4000 BC Horse Kazakhstan 3600 BC Silkworm China 3500 BC Bactrian camel China or Mongolia 3500 BC Honey Bee Near East or Western Asia 3000 BC Dromedary camel Saudi Arabia 3000 BC Banteng Thailand 3000 BC Yak Tibet 3000 BC Water buffalo Pakistan 2500 BC Duck Western Asia 2500 BC Goose Germany 1500 BC Mongoose? Egypt 1500 BC Reindeer Siberia 1000 BC Stingless bee Mexico 300 BC-200 AD Turkey Mexico 100 BC-AD 100 Muscovy duck South America AD 100 Scarlet Macaw(?) Central America before AD 1000 Ostrich South Africa AD 1866

Mobile Commerce Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Mobile Commerce - Assignment Example Mobile commerce or m-commerce is considered as the next logical step or advancement of business systems after electronic commerce or e-commerce and refers to transactions with the use of a wireless device and data connection that can result in payments for information, services and goods. Mobile commerce is facilitated by mobile phones rather than the internet and includes services of online buying and selling as well as banking, payments and ticketing. M-commerce or mobile commerce has been projected as the next generation e-commerce or the next phase of buying and selling moving beyond online selling to mobile selling. Mobile commerce refers to buying and selling of services and products through wireless handheld devices such as cellular or mobile phones and personal digital assistants or PDAs. M-commerce enables users to do online buying and selling and also helps in accessing the internet without the need for any kind of plug in devices. The technology behind e commerce is based on the WAP or wireless application protocol and WAP technology is available in most mobile devices in Europe. Mobile phones with WAP technology have devices equipped with Web-ready micro-browsers and can help in furthering online access and browsing to help in buying and selling using handsets and mobile devices. These devices could thus be used for basic buying needs, payments, banking and ticketing as well as for accessing internet, messaging service sand reading email. However for mobile commerce the focus is on buying and selling and making payments using mobile devices and WAP technology rather than using the internet through a traditional computer. The m commerce market potential looks promising and handset manufacturers such as Nokia, Ericsson, Motorola, and Qualcomm have been working with carriers such as AT&T Wireless and Sprint to develop WAP-enabled smart phones. A recent technology has been the Bluetooth technology and smart phones with Bluetooth devices tend to offer fax, phone and email capabilities for m commerce to be accepted within the mobile and business workforce. M commerce allows users to access the internet from anywhere and thus do business beyond borders or limitations of locality. Mobile commerce helps in the delivery of e commerce and online facilities using wireless devices and WAP technology. Major companies have been working in partnership with banks and ticket agencies to take advantage of the retail facilities available in mobile devices. Mobile commerce refers to business transacted with the help of mobile phone networks, or similar communication links allowing considerable mobility amongst the users. Electronic commerce relies on internet connection through phone line and broadband and fixed telecommunications links. Mobile

Impacts of Gangsterism in USA 1919-1929 (History) Coursework

Impacts of Gangsterism in USA 1919-1929 (History) - Coursework Example ce there was widespread anxieties about the fears of the USA losing prospect of its traditional ways in the future.1 Tension heightened due to the epidemic of strikes that rose in the republic at the war’s end, majority of them resulted to high prices and various frustrated union-organization drives. The golden age of gangsterism was caught amidst sprawled shocking crimes. There were lush profits of illegal alcohol leading to mass police bribery. The republic experienced violent wars that broke up in its leading cities between several rival gangs-which were rooted in the immigrant neighborhoods. They were fighting to control the wealthy market of booze. The rival gangs used their sawed-off guns and machineguns to do away with the bootlegging competitors, who had attempted to muscle in on their premises. In 1920, a gang war broke up in Chicago leaving 500 mobsters dead.2 Few arrests were made, and the convictions were even lesser since the button-lipped gangsters took cover for one another with the underworlds policy of silence. Chicago was the most spectacular instance of lawlessness in America during this time. In the year 1925, â€Å"Scarface† Al Capone, who was a grasping and a murderous booze distributor, started six years of gang warfare, which netted him millions of dollars collected from blood-spattering.3 He drove through the streets in an armor-plated car which had bullet proof windows. He was a renowned public enemy number one, but he could not be convicted of the cold-blood massacres that took place in Chicago, on St. Valentine’s Day in 1929. He later served eleven years of detention in a federal penitentiary where he was accused of income tax evasion, and was later released as syphilitic wreck.4 Al Capone had six years of alcohol distribution, and this made him a millionaire. He may have looked like a businessman on vacation, but he had bigger and nastier businesses than most of the businessmen in Chicago. Gangsterism rapidly moved into other

Profile of an Economist Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Profile of an Economist - Research Paper Example Friedman presented high expertise in the field of business that made him a renowned economist. In the year of 1951, he won the â€Å"John Bates Clark Medal,† an award that recognized economists under age of forty who presented commendable performance (Ruger 90). Furthermore, he received the Nobel Prize in 1976 for his contributions in the field of consumption examination, monetary history and concepts, as well as for his effort in describing the stabilization policy. The economist chaired the Chicago school of economics where he guided research plan of the economics profession. The scholar also worked as the chairperson of the American Economic Association in 1967 (Wahid 14). Furthermore, the scholar served as a senior research fellow at the Stanford University after retiring from the University of Chicago. Some surveys of economists have identified Friedman as a well-liked economist of the 20th century after John Keynes. Friedman explored various economics-related theories an d analytical procedures highlighting informative concepts. Nedomlelova (32) observes that Friedman was great scholar who had excellent knowledge of economics. The economist’s initial works include the 1945 publication titled the â€Å"Income from Independent professional Practice† that he coauthored with Simon Kuznets. This work was very relevant in the field of business and the report attracted a global attention. ... the need of adjusting such regulation in order to create constructive competition that would persuade delivery of quality services at sustainable fees. This provided strategists with effective managerial tools (Friedman et al. 32). Friedman’s effort in the development of the Theory of Consumption Function The scholar has substantially contributed in the development of the economic theories. His earliest prominent work includes the 1957 publication in which he described A Theory of the Consumption Function (Friedman & Ebenstein 19). The scholar developed the theory from the Keynesian perception that individuals and households have a tendency of adjusting their expenditures on consumption to align them with their income (Friedman & Ebenstein 26). The economist highlighted that individual’s yearly consumption reflects a function of their â€Å"permanent income.† He introduced this term as a measure of the aggregate income individuals expect over a few years. The the ory was an expression of the permanent income hypothesis, the concept that proposes that household’s consumption and investment decisions are mainly defined by changes in permanent income, but not temporary changes that household members experience within their activities. These ideas were essential because they provide bases for developing future business theories that has enriched the field (Brittan 2). Friedman challenged Keynes ideas claiming that the scholar based his consumption models on psychological assumptions. He emphasized the need of considering individuals as rational thinkers who make plans on how to spend their resources over their families. Friedman was not primarily objecting the Keynesian ideas because a reputable Keynesian economist Franco Modi-gliani also made the same observation.

Strengs Concepts Of Ultimate Dimension And Ultimate Reality Religion Essay

Strengs Concepts Of Ultimate Dimension And Ultimate Reality Religion Essay Q 1. Briefly define and discuss Strengs concepts of ultimate dimension and ultimate reality. Choose one of these concepts and explain how it manifests in one of the three monotheistic religions Judaism, Christianity or Islam and give an example to back up your explanation. According to Frederick Streng (1985), the ultimate dimension of religious expression is achieved when a person reaches a deep sensitivity of the ultimate reality and has an action plan to continue seeing that reality. The ultimate dimension is where a person belongs when he is working toward his ultimate transformation. The ultimate dimension can be the reality that a person sees as he develops his frame of reference to distinguish between what is right and what is significant for him. The ultimate reality is one of the common experience or expression of the ultimate dimension as it is the process for people to establish their values of life. When people decided what is right and what is significant for them, they build their identity and an understanding of the reasons behind their behaviours (Streng, p.6) . In turn, this ultimate frame of reference, which we called wisdom, allows them to further develop themselves into greater beings. The ultimate reality can be seen differently ac cording to different peoples perceptions. One of the means to reach ultimate transformation is through religion as it helps people to be aware of the cosmic order by performing scared rite or an ethical act. In Islamic traditions, Muslims need observe the Five Pillars of Islam which are to bear witness, to pray, to do almsgiving, to fast during Ramadan and to do a pilgrimage to Makkah. Those rites of worship are to train the mind into understanding Gods sacred laws through practicing the way of living like the Prophet Muhammad. The sacred laws, which were revealed by God through His chosen prophets, are to guide humanity to not fear or grieve (Ayoub, p. 69). They were first transmitted orally for centuries until they were written and organized into the Quran. Different interpretations of Quran and sunnah have encouraged the development of various religious schools such as Islamic mysticism. In extreme cases, some followers have proclaimed their direct relationship with God through r igorous asceticism and divine love. For example, in Rabiahs ultimate reality, the only way to understand Gods sacred laws is to love God so passionately that her entire focus is on Him and not in desiring for paradise or fearing hell. This method allowed her to distinguish what is real for her and what is not. This connection with the reality allows Rabiah to live beyond her limits and away from the destructive forces of everyday existence (Streng, p.3). No one has the right answer to what is the ultimate reality, but everyone builds their own definition when they reached the level of ultimate dimension. However, we know that seeing the ultimate reality can be a source of joy, goodness, balance or power (Streng, pp.7-8). Q 2. According to Streng, the cultural dimension of religion includes historical conditions. Briefly define cultural dimension and then discuss some of the historical conditions during the time of Jesus, as well as those during the rise of Islam and the life of Mohammed. All religions have been marked by their historical past The cultural dimension of religion plays an important role in influencing the development of a person and communitys expression of their ultimate values because it is the basic framework of references of a person or communitys historical, social ,economical and political systems at a given time and place. Those underlying contextual references affect how people organize the expressions of their beliefs, values and behaviours. During the time of Jesus, he was known to teach about God and heal people. He was referred to as the Messiah, which is defined as a figure, who helped the Jews overcome the national captivity and religious persecution they were suffering under the Roman Empire (Cox, 34). Romans had power over Jewish people because they were the ruling empire. Religion was absent in the society they were living in. The Romans held pagan views and did not accept a variety of religious traditions. Jesus challenged their tradition, and with that became an influential leader and an icon to humanity. He challenged the upper class people and told them that they did not have sympathy for the less fortunate of people. Therefore, the Romans eventually persecuted Jesus and his people. For instance, the Romans invaded Jerusalem and destroyed holy temples and places of worship, causing numerous Jews to flee the city, known as the Diaspora. Due to the fact that Romans held a superior militaristic force, they kille d anyone who was seen as a threat to their society. For example, Jesus crucifixion was ordered by the elites since his message of a new kingdom threatened the Roman political reign. Jesus righteousness towards women, prostitutes, and the poor were viewed as unacceptable by the Roman Empire, causing him to be condemned. To this day, Jesus struggle is admired and appreciated by many. Another example of historical events impacted on cultural dimension is the story behind the rise of Islamic faith. Islam flourished in the city of Makkah where it was a busy crossroad for trade and exchange of ideas. This cultural openness allowed the worshipping of various deities and acceptance of pre-existent Jewish and Christian cultural values or practices. The pre-Islamic Arabs viewed Allah as the supreme creator, but he was one of the many deities that Arabs worshipped. In addition, they believed that time was synonymous with death or fate; therefore, Arabs did not believe in afterdeath experiences and enjoyed life materialistic pleasures instead to live their lives to the fullest (Ayoub, p. 66). Politically, the country was divided among the leadership of numerous tribes. Therefore, a membership to a tribe is very crucial in gaining protection from persecution. It was under those circumstances that Muhammad was born and lived. Due to the initial influence from Christian and J ewish faiths, Arabs were already acquainted with the idea of monotheism and expectation of a prophets arrival to save humanity. Therefore, it was not surprising for those people to hear about his disapproval of idol worship of his people and experience of Gods revelation. However, Muhammads new ideology demanded religious, social and moral changes that challenged the tribes powers. Since his uncle passed away, Muhammad was also persecuted until he arbitrated between two feuding tribes and reunited them into one new Muslim community. Afterwards, this event marked the start of the growth of Islam and transformed many customs of the Arab community. Q 3. Define Strengs concept of the personal dimension of religion. As an example of this, discuss the Five Pillars of Islam, giving a brief description of each. Which Pillar does M. Ayoub associate with granted the status of protected peoples to non-Muslims? Explain why. According to Streng, the personal dimension of religion is defined as a persons own interpretation of a religious life. This internal process demands a person to form reactions, decisions and meanings towards the different aspects of religion from his life experiences(4). For example, Islam traditions recognize that humans can choose to totally submit to Gods will or to reject this faith. Therefore, it is a choice to recognize God and Muhammads way of life as a guide to Gods kingdom. There are Five Pillars of Islam, which are rites of worship representing the stepping stones of Muhammads transformation to a faithful servant of God. The first pillar is to declare that there is only one God and that Muhammad is the Messenger of God. The second pillar is to perform obligatory prayers five times a day. The prayers followed a prescribed structure and wording originated from the opening surah and Quran. Ritual washing is performed before each prayer to remove impurities. Almsgiving is the third pillar which consists of offering money or other gifts to the poor and needy. This rite of worship is to purifies a person from greed and attachment to material possessions (77). The zakat is an obligatory welfare tax of 2.5 per cent applied on the surplus of income earned by Muslims. The fourth pillar of Islam is fasting during Ramadan to honour the special month when the Quran was revealed to the prophet Muhammad. During this month-long fast, Muslims must not eat food, drink, smoke and have sexual relations until sunset in order to devote their mind to the worship of God. Finally, the fifth pillar is to do a pilgrimage to Makkah in remembrance of the experience of Abraham, whom the Quran recognizes as the father of all prophets and the first true Muslim (78). The pillar among the Five Pillars of Islam that is associated with granted the status of protected peoples to non-Muslims is Shahadah or bearing witness. This rite of worship consists of declaring that there is only one God and that Muhammad is the Messenger of God. Judaism, Christianity and Islam are shared the common view that there is one God who is the sovereign Lord, creator and sustainer of all things(Ayoub, p.65). Therefore, everyone who is Christian or Jew is also considered as People of the Book and is allowed to obtain the status of protected people if they make a declaration of the shahadah to become Muslim (Ayoub, p.75). Muslims believe that the only one who can judge a persons faith in God is God himself and that people will only discover the truth on the Day of Judgement. Islam is characterised by its inclusive nature as it recognizes prophets from the Old and New Testament and believes that Muhammad was another messenger of God to give the final revelation. Muslims be lieve that God uses prophets and messengers to transmit His intentions through scriptures and implement his sacred laws in the communities(Ayoub, p.69). According to the Islamic tradition, there are differences between prophets and messengers. Prophets are the ones who need to transmit a message from God to his people while messengers are prophets who need to transmit Gods message and implement a set of sacred rules to help his people to be aware of their obligations to the one and only sovereign Lord and warn them against heedlessness and disobedience (Ayoub, 69) . The five main prophets are Noah, Abraham , Moses, Jesus and Muhammad . Therefore, the second declaration of Muhammad as the Messenger of God is important to assert a persons commitment to Islam. Q 4. Judaism, Christianity and Islam are often referred to as Biblical faiths. Define the origins of and describe the sacred text of each of these religions. Refer to the shared concepts of Creation, Revelation, Redemption and Covenant to discuss the differences and similarities among the three scriptures. The three religions Christianity, Islam, and Judaism shared numerous similarities and differences in their teachings. The first similarity is that those three religions are monotheistic, which means that they believe in only One God (Epstein 24). Their holy books all somehow relate to the Christian Bible, since the Old Testament is actually the Hebrew Bible (the Torah), and Islams Quran contains many of the same holy figures, such as Abraham and his youngest son Ishmael as well as Jesus being a miracle (Ayoub 71). In my opinion, Judaism and Islam are more closely related than Christianity. For example, the rise of Judaism began with the story of Abraham and his sons, which resulted in the establishment of Israel. Also, all three faiths holy books, the Torah, Quran, and the Bible, shared the major concepts of the Old Testament and acknowledge Abraham as the founding patriarch who was the first to make a covenant with God (Epstein 12). Therefore, these religions all originated from a c ommon source and have evolved into separate faiths, although the core of ideology of their faiths is very similar. Judaism was around for a long time even before Roman religion, but the religion of Christianity was developed from Judaism by introducing Jesus as the son of God and the Messiah. Islam seems to be a combination of both religions Judaism and Christianity, except with the addition of the prophet Mohammed, who was the founder of Islam. Judaism and Islam share common practices like fasting , almsgiving and dietary laws, such as the prohibition of eating pork. Lawful food in Judaism and Islam are the same and mainly differ by name (Kosher for Judaism and Halal for Islam.). Similarly, both religions practice circumcision for men. However, all of these three religions believe in one divine God, the Father of all creations. This causes them to each celebrate various holidays such as Ramadan , Lent and Passover, in which they must complete a series of rituals and fasting to focu s in worshipping God. In addition, Christians believe that God has three personas, the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, but both Islam and Judaism disagree with the Christian belief in the Trinity and viewing Jesus as God because they believe that the idea of Jesus as God violates the idea of monotheism and was idolatry, which is strictly forbidden in both faiths (Ayoub, 69). Finally, all three faiths believe in the afterlife and are concerned with repenting their sins to free their souls from the Day of Judgment, when God will punish the sinners and reward those who follow his teachings(Ayoub,74) . Q 5. In Epsteins articles, he concludes that the cornerstones of Judaism are the belief in one God and Israels responsibility to God. Discuss this statement with specific reference to: The reason why Epstein states that the cornerstones of Judaism are the belief in one God and Israels responsibility to God because it was believed that God share a covenant with Abraham first who had the responsibility to influenced his people to give up in worshipping many deities and to worship in one God to have salvation. From the Book of Genesis, God promised Abraham that through his offspring, all the nations of the world would be blessed. Abraham was the one who informed Jews about the importance of circumcising their male babies in order to hold a covenant with God. Judaism along with Christianity follows the life of Abrahams oldest son Isaac. The Hebrew prophets are believed to be descendants of Abraham through his son Isaac (Ayoub 71). The Talmud contains the heart and minds of people seeking God and is founded on Scripture, which its teachings are in the direct line of development from those in the Torah, Prophets, and the Holy Writings (Espstein 24). Judaisms mission was to free individuals from their false beliefs and worship of other Gods and to focus on a monotheistic belief. Judaism accepts that God loves all races and that he chose the people of Israel to spread his word and teachings. The practice of Jewish faith was only attainable by the people of Israel since they were believed to be the direct descendants of biblical ancestors from God and were chosen by God to spread His word. It was very difficult to convert to Judaism at this time since you had to be born into a Jewish family to be considered a Jewish person. A religious practice that cherish the worship of one God is the Passover, which is a Jewish holiday commemorating the Jews escape from their enslavement in Egypt. The Bible states that God had sent out ten plagues upon the Egyptians before they released their Hebrew slaves, with the tenth plague being killing of any first-born son (book of Exodus). The Hebrews were instructed by God to mark their homes doors with the blood of a lam b, so that the plagues would literally pass over their homes, hence the holidays name Passover. The Egyptian Pharaoh finally liberated the Hebrews, but they left in a very big hurry and did not leave enough time for their bread to rise. This is why during Passover, Jews eat unleavened bread, or Matza. The Jewish holiday Passover mainly stresses the component of Redemption since it bears a reminder of the salvation of the Jews and how God helped to free them by instructing them on how to avoid the plague. It shows what kind of struggles Jewish people had to endure in order for Judaism to be accepted in ancient Egypt. Today, Passover is celebrated as a holiday or festival of freedom from enslavement as well as a festival dedicated to the one almighty God, the Lord. The book of Exodus states that all generations of Jews as an eternal decree will celebrate the holiday of Passover by eating unleavened bread for seven days.

Cervical Cancer: The Best Form of Prevention Is To Be Informed And Awar

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women and the leading cause of death among women in underdeveloped countries. In fact, 500,000 cases are diagnosed each year worldwide. This particular cancer is found mainly in middle-aged to older women; it is very rare to find it in women age fifteen and younger. The average age of women with cervical cancer is age 50-55; however, the cancer begins to appear in women in their twenties (2). It is also found in women of lower-class areas, as they are not able to see a gynecologist to be screened. African American, Hispanic, and Native American women are more prone to developing cervical cancer as well (1). The cervix is an organ in the female reproductive system; it is the entrance to the uterus. Cancer of the cervix develops in the lining of the cervix. The normal cells go through abnormal changes and become precancerous cells. These changes are called Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN). CIN is categorized as low grade and high grade. It progresses to one of two conditions: (a) Squamos Intraepithelial Lesion (SIL) which leads to invasive cervical cancer, or (b) Carcinoma in Situ which is non-invasive, or localized, cervical cancer (1). The causes of cervical cancer are unknown. However, scientists believe that there is a link between two kinds of Human Papallomavirus (HPV) and the cancer. HPV is a group of 100 different viruses. Some types of HPV cause warts and are considered "low-risk" when discussing causes of cervical cancer. However, other types of HPV cause precancerous conditions, resulting in different types of genital cancers, and is therefore considered "high-risk" (1). HPV is a sexually transmitted disease and it is extremely contagious. Recent resear... ...t like everyone else. Here is the unsettling part: Had I skipped that Pap smear during my sophomore year, I would have had invasive cervical cancer within a year and would have had to undergo chemotherapy. So once again, and I cannot stress this enough, the best form of prevention of cervical cancer is to be informed and aware. If you are a woman age 18 or older, whether you are sexually active or not, go see a gynecologist. References 1)Oncology Channel http://www.oncologychannel.com/cervicalcancer/ 2)American Cancer Society: Do We Know What Causes Cervical Cancer? http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_2x_do_we_know_what_causes_cervical_cancer_8.asp?sitearea=ped 3)BestDoctor.com: Pap Smears http://www.bestdoctors.com/en/askadoctor/b/buchi/wbuchi_100300_q3.htm 4)Cervical Dysplasia Causes http://cervical-dysplasia-causes.com/

The Ghetto Made Me Do It

024 ENG October 18, 2012 â€Å"The Ghetto Made Me Do It† Violent behavior is a direct result of heredity, environment, and parenting. The author of â€Å"Seeking The Roots Of Violence† believed that genetic heredity has to do with violent behaviors. I believe in her hypothesis, but also believe that environmental factors play a big role as well. How you are raised and people you are most closest to have a greater chance of influencing you in many ways. There is a saying my parents used to tell me when I was younger â€Å"show me your friends, nd ill show you your future†. The people you surround yourself with on a daily basis do illegal drugs, eventually you will too. Friends and family carry a great impact on a person’s life, especially when he or she is young. For example, in the essay â€Å"The Ghetto Made Me Do It† Lisa Morgan was brought up in a violent home. Lisa Morgan’s mother once had set her father on fire. Environment isn’t the only thing that has an impact on violence, it also has to do with ones heredity. Our DNA and our genes make us who we are.Our DNA controls our height, weight, how we look, as well as how we act. In the essay â€Å"seeking the roots on violence† Anastasia Toufexis stated that â€Å"for one thing, genes help control production of behavior relating chemicals. One suspect substance is the neurotransmitter serotonin. † Someone that has a chemical imbalance in the brain can cause depression and violence. Serotonin is chemical in our brain that controls ones mood. When a person is clinically classified as depressed he or she is prescribed to take serotonin to balance out the chemical mbalance that is causing these irrational mood swings. If we were to evaluate criminals for there behaviors and give them these drugs, it could potentially help control there violent thoughts. Not only is this a possibility, but if we study this it could lower a lot of violence throughout the world. At the same time it is very expensive and in my opinion the government needs to have a present of the population behind bars so they can gain profits. After reading these two articles it personally shined some light on this subject.

Pablo Picasso and Michelangelo Buonarroti

Pablo Picasso and Michelangelo Buonarroti Introduction Pablo Picasso was a Spanish painter who lived in the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries. He was born in the year 1881 and died in the year 1973 having been majorly involved in the fields of painting and sculpture. Though born in Spain, Picasso lived most of his life in France. Michelangelo Bounarroti was on the other hand an Italian who was also gifted in the field of painting and sculpture. He was also involved in other arts such as poetry and in the field of engineering. He lived from the year 1475 to the year 1564.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pablo Picasso and Michelangelo Buonarroti specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper seeks to discuss the two artists mentioned above. The paper will look into the biographies of these personalities with the view of identifying the similarities and differences that existed between them. Individual biographies are examined after which the similarities and differences are drawn out. Pablo Picasso Pablo was born in the Spanish town of Malaga. His father was called Blasco. Pablo’s interest and exploration in arts can be attributed to his father’s influence as his father was well established in the field of arts. Blasco was actually a professional in the field of arts as he is reported to have been a professor in one of the art schools in Spain. He was also a painter and a curator. It is most likely this paternal influence that drove Picasso into practicing arts. Following this influence, Picasso was enrolled in an art school in the city of Madrid in order to advance his skills. His efforts and desire to study at this level did not however bear fruit and he was forced to cut short his studies before even completing his first year of study. At the age of nineteen, Picasso left Spain for Paris in France where he was to stay with a friend. During this time and under their arrangement, between Picasso and his friend, Picasso d id his painting works at night while his friend worked during the day a situation that made him to burn most of his paintings in order generate heat in the cold nights (Ghare 1). The following half a century of Pablo’s life was majorly dominated with painting with specialization in variety of styles each at a time. Picasso’s social life was not characterized with significant stability as expected in most societies. He had a number of love relationships that rarely worked out for him in terms of marriage. Though his first engagement was realized in the year 1904, Picasso only managed to get into marriage when he was approaching fifty years of age.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More His marriage also failed to work as he was involved in an extra marital affair which together with the different lifestyles that his wife and he lived, led to their separation. Thou gh he further had a number of relationships, he never married again after this until the year 1961 when he married just to avenge on a woman that had left him. He later died in the year 1973 (Ghare 1). Michelangelo Bounarroti Michelangelo was born in the year 1475 as a second born child to Ludovico and Neri. Following her mother’s health condition which was not steady, Michelangelo was placed under special nursing condition. His mother’s attention to him was further cut by her death when he was only six years of age. Though he developed interest in arts at a younger age, his farther did not like the idea which he considered as a peasant’s activity. Michelangelo was then sent by his father to a grammar school following the intellectual level that he noticed in Michelangelo. It is in this school that Michelangelo met a friend who encouraged him venture into arts. At the age of thirteen, he was enlisted to work at a painting workshop before he later went to school to study arts. He then tried to study human anatomy where he used dead bodies before he realized that the dead bodies were inducing negative effects into his life (Michelangelo 1). By the year 1505, Michelangelo had been an established painter who was recognized by high authorities such as the papacy. He was for this reason enlisted in the year 1508 to work on a tomb for the papacy. He worked on many high profile assignments. His services were also enlisted by the government of Florence. He later left Florence for Rome following a level of hostility that he received from the administration and citizens following some misunderstandings. He also ventured in other fields such as architecture and literature. His social life was however full of isolation. He confessed his loneliness when he admitted not to be having friends and that he was spending much time in his paintings to an extent that he did not even have enough time for eating. He later died in isolation with no relative around to take care of him or his property. His nephew, however, arrived after his body had been disposed off and carried the remains together with his belongings to Florence (Michelangelo 1). Similarities between Pablo Picasso and Michelangelo One of the similarities that is realized between the two artists, Michelangelo and Picasso are their characteristic movements from their original residence to foreign lands. Michelangelo is, for example, identified to have moved from Florence to Rome. Following his artistic skills, Michelangelo was invited to stay in Medici where he practiced his painting.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pablo Picasso and Michelangelo Buonarroti specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lorenzo, who took him to the palace, however died and the situation changed forcing Michelangelo to return to his father’s house where he stayed before he later moved to Rome where he again practiced his art. Though no clear reason is given for Michelangelo’s first movement to Rome, it is clear that he left his original residence in Florence for Rome where he significantly expressed his artistic talent (Pal 2). Similarly, Picasso left his original country, Spain, and moved to France where he stayed and did his paintings. His movement to France took place in the year 1901. Another similar feature of the two artists is the level of dependence that was exhibited in their lives. In the case of Michelangelo, he was taken in to the palace where he stayed until the death of Lorenzo. After the painful loss of Lorenzo, he resorted to staying with his father for some time before moving to Rome again in the hands of other people. He therefore revealed a level of dependence in his early life though he had been economically empowered through his ability to paint. Pablo Picasso also revealed the level of dependence in his life in Spain and France. When he arrived in France, Pablo moved to stay with a fr iend. The condition in which they were living appeared to be restrictive since the two people were not able to sleep at the same time. Their sleeping in turns, one person during the day while another during the night, is an indication that the facility in the house was limited. Pablo, however, still held on to staying with the friend. He thus failed to independently settle in his own house (Michelangelo 1). Another similarity that existed between the two individuals is their profession that was painting. Pablo is represented to have been a professional painter by the year 1894. Some of his paintings included â€Å"the first communion and portrait of aunt pepa† (Michelangelo 1) which appeared in his earlier paintings in the nineteenth century. His life was dominated with painting as he practiced the art up to almost his time of death. He painted his first major painting at the age of about thirteen years; Pablo was continually in the field of painting till the year 1971 when h is last significant painting was realized before his death in the year 1973.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He thus devoted his life to painting. Michelangelo was also a renowned painter. He can similarly be said to have started his painting career at the age of thirteen when his father gave up on his resistance that he was not fit for painting. He was thus established as a popular painter in Florence and also learnt a lot before he was taken in by Lorenzo. He was also involved in his painting career until almost his time of death. The two artists are also reported to have had poor social lives. Though they lived in different times and localities, their relationships were not strong as their devotion to their profession which took most of their time. Though Pablo is reported to have had engagements and was even married with children, these relationships lacked a strong foundation and all of them. Pablo’s last marriage was also not based on feelings and emotions, but was rather on a revenge mission over another woman who had left him. Michelangelo is also expressed as an individual who never had a life apart from his painting. This is much evidenced after his death when only one of his nephews was available as his closest relative to help in taking care of his funeral arrangements. The history of the painter is very silent on his relations. One of the articles that are beloved to have been written by Michelangelo actually confirmed his social loneliness. He is reported to have confessed that he lacked friends and that he actually did not need such friends. This attitude is by implication given to relatives who seemed never to be close to him until after his death when a nephew came for his remains. His remains being granted to his nephew according to his wish that his body and property be delivered to his closest relative indicated that he never had a wife and thus no children (Ghare 1). Differences between Pablo Picasso and Michelangelo Buonarroti Just as a number of similarities are exhibited in the biographies of the two artists, their histories at the same time reveals a lot of differences. One of the differences in the lives of Picasso and Michelangelo was the manner in which they entered into the art of painting. Pablo’s entry into the art of painting is revealed to have been an influence from his father who was a professor in arts. His father was also a painter and worked in a museum, an exposure that could have played a role in influencing Picasso into arts and painting. Picasso’s parents also took the initiative to establish him as an artist, most likely a painter, as they registered him in an art school so that he could study and develop artistic skills. On the contrary, Michelangelo was drawn into art and painting by personal instincts. His attraction into arts was more of an in born property that could not even be suppressed by his father who did all he could to divert his interest arts. This is majorly because his father despised drawing and arts. Another difference between the two artists was their paternal ho mes, where they worked and the period in which they lived. While Michelangelo was born, lived and worked in Italian towns in the fifteenth and the sixteenth centuries, Picasso was born in Spain in the nineteenth century but later lived and worked in France in the twentieth century. Their level of social relationships also differed in that as Picasso was able to at least engage in relationships that even led to marriages, Michelangelo was never associated in any known relationship (Michelangelo 1). Conclusion Picasso and Michelangelo were both renowned painters. Their lives exhibited a significant level of both similarities and contrasts. They are still remembered for their prowess in the world of art. The level of dedications and talent made it possible for them to make great works of art. Ghare, Madhavi. Pablo Picasso biography. Buzzle, 2011. Web. https://arthearty.com/pablo-picasso-biography Michelangelo. Michelangelo. Michelangelo, n.d. Web. Pal, Loswego. Michelangelo Buonarroti . Pal Loswego, n.d. Web.

Clovis I essays

Clovis I essays Clovis I, became the King of the Salian Franks in the year 481 AD, at the age of 15. He inherited this position from his father Childeric, who died in 482, and hereafter he began killing off members of his own extended family to reduce the number of men who could battle with him for power. By doing this he successfully united the Salian and Ripurian Franks within the first five years of his reign. Clovis than began taking on others that could potentially threaten his people or his authority. The first of these was one of the last Roman Generals, Syagrius, whom he defeated in a single strife in 4861. This was the first of his military accomplishments, but not the last. The next large step taken during Cloviss reign was his marriage to the Burgundian Princess Clotilda, daughter of King Gundevech. The couple married in 493, Clovis already having a son from a concubine named Theodoric. His wife being a Christian, converted all of their children at birth, including their first born, Ingomer, who died in his baptism garments2. Clotilda and Clovis conceived four more children, all males and all baptized at birth. These baptisms and Clotildas influence on her husband pushed him to convert himself to Catholic Christianity. Clovis actually spoke an oath to God during a battle with the Allamannis. Cloviss conversion to Christianity had many affects on the people and territory he ruled. The first of these affects included several changes within Cloviss own family. ...

Reducing Injuries in the Workplace Dissertation

Reducing Injuries in the Workplace - Dissertation Example ignificant increase in the implementation of safety incentive programmes, which have been ineffective many times since many employees are used to underreporting as a way of meeting safety goals. In this research study it was found that there is a clear divergence of views between employees and managers of the company under scrutiny in connection to safety measures in the workplace. There is a need of implementing safety training on a regular basis in order to make employees aware of the importance of creating a safe environment at work. This dissertation was grounded on secondary data from a literature review and primary data collected through an employee queestionnaire, a manager questionnaire, and safety reports and documentaton. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1.- Statement of the Problem. The issue of occupational safety has been a matter of concern for the Health and Safety Authority (HSA), the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and companies in general. HSA, HSE and OSHA require compliance with their regulations and many companies have established safety incentive programmes. The major problem has been related with underreporting in order to meet workplace safety goals. In this dissertation occupational safety is studied emphasising the need for reducing injuries, illnesses, and accidents in the workplace as well as the need of the companies to comply with safety regulations as established by HSA, HSE, and OSHA. 1.2.- Aim and Objectives. The aim of this research study is to investigate the issue of occupational safety and the reduction of injuries, illnesses and accidents in the workplace. To reach this aim, the following objectives are identified: -To critically review relevant literature about...Occupational safety is a very important issue that must be taken into account for all the companies in general in order to reduce the level of injuries, illnesses, and accidents in the workplace. At the same time it is necessary for companies in general to comply with the safety protocols established by HSA, HSE, and OSHA. Workplace safety cannot be underestimated, and a great deal of attention has to be given to this issue to improve working conditions for all of the employees in any company. 1.4.- Scope of the Dissertation. This research study is based on secondary data from the Literature Review and primary data from two sets of questionnaires and the analysis of safety reports of a given company. Injuries and accidents are studied with greater detail than illnesses in the workplace. Emphasis is made on the topic of safety incentive programmes and the common issue of underreporting in order to meet workplace safety goals. This research is limited to the study of occupational safety in one specific company and through a limited time frame. 1.5.- Dissertation Structure. This dissertation is structured as follows: The Abstract summarises the findings. The Introduction is divided in five sections: Statement of the Problem, Aim and Objectives, Relevance of the Dissertation, Scope of the Dissertation, and Dissertatrion Structure. The Literature Review is divided in seveb sections: Introduction. The Problem of Workplace Injuries, Injuries and their Causes, The Role of HSA OSHA, and HSE.

Analyzing argement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analyzing argement - Essay Example In â€Å"Execution,† Anna Quindlen argues that death penalty is wrong because it does not achieve its desired ends. She stresses that it cannot provide sufficient justice for victims and their families and it does not make any moral sense. These authors have similarities in the use of personal ideas and anecdotal and hypothetical evidence as evidence, logos through inductive reasoning and agreement on death penalty’s goals, and pathos through an empathic writing style that appeals to justice, although they differ in writing style, audience, and attitude toward death penalty. Quindlen is more persuasive than Mencken because her ironic tone emphatically argues that death penalty is wrong because it is simply morally insufficient as a form of retribution. These authors have similarities in the use of personal ideas and anecdotal and hypothetical evidence. Mencken talks about his personal ideas when attacking the opponents of death penalty. He argues from his personal viewpoint that crime deterrence is not the only goal of death penalty, and instead â€Å"katharsis† is â€Å"practically considered† and â€Å"more important† (1). By saying this, he shows that something more personal and emotional is behind the need for death penalty. Quindlen also offers her personal ideas on death penalty. She admits that her â€Å"guts† â€Å"govern† her ideas on death penalty, which is why she can be â€Å"hypocritical† about it (450.3). Like Mencken, Quindlen personalizes her attack on death penalty by asserting her personal feelings toward it. In addition, both authors use anecdotal evidence as proof for their arguments. For instance, Mencken says he has not heard any executioner who is complaining of his job and instead, he has â€Å"known many who delighted in their ancient art, and practiced it proudly† (1). By saying ancient art, he is underlining the proud tradition behind death penalty. Quindlen also uses anecdotal evidence when she says that the justice system is

-Outline and explain the relations between senders and receivers of Essay

-Outline and explain the relations between senders and receivers of communication, focusing on how messages are - Essay Example Communication is said to be complete when immediate feedback of the message is received involving matters speech, body language, emotions and gestures. This process involves at least two persons and it starts when one individual intends to pass a message to another person. Communication starts with crafting of images and ideas in the mind of a person who wants to send the message. This can be a feeling, an idea or even a concept. This part of the communication process is in reflection (Guffey et al., 2013). In order to pass this message to another person, the individual intending to pass the message must be able to translate the crafted images into signs that the intended person of the message will be able to interpret and understand. Signs in communication can be words, sounds and sense, and this is the only way the images in the mind can be expressed in the form of meaningful ideas and passed on to another person. This process is referred to as encoding. Upon encoding the message, it is expected to be transmitted to the person intended, and that is the recipient (Lehman et al., 2011). Transmission of the message can be done in various ways, for example, orally, and this may include one-on-one verbal interaction and use of telephone. The message can also be transmitted through non-verbal means, and this can be done through short messages services, newspapers and letters. Another form of medium includes visual media; finally, the process in which the recipient translates the symbols or wording into such information that he or she can understand is called decoding. Diagrammatic representation of communication process Medium Medium From the diagram above, we can see the process involved in communication right from its initial stage until it reaches the intended audience, i.e. the receiver. The letter X represents encoder while the letter Y represents decoder. This model represents communication process from the person sending to the person receiving it (Barker, 2 010). The relation between Encoder-decoder At this time, the message is interpreted as having a nonfigurative reality which encoding shapes into an actual form that can be conveyed. Decoding has the capacity to reinstate it to its inventive nonfigurative meaning. The two terms, encoding and decoding, mean that text is made up of a number of codes resulting from another text (Wood, 2003).   To deliver a message effectively, the sender and the receiver need to take care of: Maintenance of eye contact to increase message flow and interest in the information; it shows utmost attention and increases the likelihood that feedback will be received in the communication process. It also gives the urge to continue with the communication interaction in a bid to pass information consequently with the right encoding and decoding. Facial expressions, for example, in smiling, while conversing would mean an acceptance of the message by the receiver and vice versa if the recipient has, for instance , a sad face. Gestures should be part and parcel of communication; for example, if the sender is throwing her or his hand with a message like â€Å"Go away!† this should indicate a situation in which the recipient is not needed in that particular place. Proximity, i.e. reasonable distance between the sender and the recipient as regards the channel used. Body language and/or posture, for example, leaning towards the sender, gives a connotation that the

Glo Fish Case Essay Example for Free

Glo Fish Case Essay The GloFish was the first genetically modified animal to become available as a pet. It is a natural Zebrafish which has had genetic information from bioluminescent jellyfish added to its DNA. It was originally produced to provide a warning system for pollution but with the addition of further colors its viability for the pet market became clear. It was introduced to the US market in December 2003 by Yorktown Technologies of Austin, Texas. 9 Grapple The grapple is a relatively new fruit which is a genetic cross between an apple and a grape. The fruit combines the size of the apple with the texture of an grape and the flavor of both parent fruits. The grapple was originally designed to provide a much higher vitamin-c dose per fruit for third world aid. The majority of the funding for the fruit came from UNICEF. 8 Graisin The graisin [giant raisin] is a variety of raisin which has been modified to grow to enormous proportions. The graisin was produced by the National Institute of Genetics in Japan due to the Japanese love of large fruit and the recent popularity of western foods such as raisins. The texture and taste is identical to that of its genetically normal parent and it is served raw or thinly sliced in a stir fry. 7 Rubber Cork Tree Cork trees have long been used for producing cork-stoppers for wine though some wine producers have also begun using plastic corks. Wine enthusiasts have not taken to the rubber corks and so, in order to appease the traditionalists and the cost-cutting wine makers, SABIC innovative plastics have developed a tree which is a cross between a rubber tree and a cork tree. The corks taken from the bark of this new tree look like real cork and have the same porous qualities, but has the permanence and flavorlessness of rubber. Ghislain de Mongolfier, current manager and great grandson of the founder of champagne producer Bollinger, said: â€Å"This new cork is the greatest thing to happen to wine since the invention of bubbles†. 6 Umbuku Lizard This creature is the only one on the list which was not designed for a practical reason, but merely to prove that it could be done. Genetic Engineers in Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia) managed to unlock a dormant â€Å"flying† strand in the DNA of the Umbuku lizard, a very small and rare lizard native to Africa. It is believed that the lizard is a descendent of the Pterodactyl, which lost its ability to fly some millions of years ago. To date only 6 of these flying Umbuku have been produced and they are kept seperate from the natural Umbuku due the risk of cross breeding. 5 Paper Tree The paper tree has been developed to reduce production costs and loss of tree life in the paper manufacturing industry. The recent explosion in popularity of recycled paper products lead a Swiss based company to develop a tree which grows square leaves that, when dried, are already usable as writing paper. In the image above we see a company employee holding a dried leaf beside the trunk of one of the many Paper Trees now grown by the company. 4 Dolion This is probably the most remarkable example of how far science is able to go with modern DNA and cross fertilization techniques; the dolion is a cross between a lion and a dog. In order to produce this incredible rare animal (only 3 dolions exist in laboratories – the photo above is of Rex, the first ever produced), individual strands of DNA from each creature must be combined and re-inserted in to a host egg. This is similar to theliger (lion/tiger crossbreed) with the exception that the liger is able to be produced without prior manipulation of the DNA of either breed of animal. 3 Tiny Piney The Tiny Piney is a miniature pine tree which is a mere 2cm tall when fully grown. It was originally developed to provide a fast growing source for pine-tree smell to be used in the fragrance industry but in very little time its usefulness in other areas became obvious. This tiny pine tree is now hugely popular as an edible plant in Papua New Guinea where it is dipped in a batter made from coconut milk and shellac beetle shells and deep fried. The Tiny Piney (official trademark) has a very subtle pine flavor which is enhanced by the coconut milk. The Tiny Piney is usually eaten as a dessert. 2 Fern Spider The fern spider is unique on this list as it is the only combined plant and animal. At the time of writing this is the only animal that has successfully been crossed with a plant. The spider is a cross between a common Italian Wolf spider (Lycosa tarantula) and the ponga fern (Cyathea dealbata). The purpose of this bizarre crossbreed was to study the survival rates of spiders with built in camouflage versus those without in a series of studies on Natural Selection at Massey University in New Zealand. The results of the study have not been published yet. 1 Lemurat With the growing wealth of China, many rich Chinese women are seeking alternative and exotic pets to show off their money. This has lead to a number of Chinese medical and scientific research companies to compete for this new income source by producing cross breed animals. The most successful (financially) so far has been the Lemur Cat. It is (as the name suggests) a cross between a lemur and a cat. It retains the soft fur of the cat and the coloring, but has the striped tail and yellow eyes commonly found on a lemur. It is more ferocious than the average cat but it is generally no more dangerous than a Chihuahua dog. The scientific name for this new breed is Prolos Fira. This is not an exhaustive list of genetically engineered animals like bovine with massive growth and milk or the alergy free cats and super salmons. Here are probably best examples of how far bio-science can go with DNA technology and genetic re-engineering. The fundamental unit to control different properties of an organism are millions of genes in its DNA. And it is possible to isolate every single gene. Thus any biological property that exists in any living thing in any living world could be brought into any other living thing even of any other world. 1. GloFish Source The GloFish is a patented brand of genetically modified (GM) fluorescent zebrafish with bright red, green, and orange fluorescent color. The original zebrafish from which the GloFish was developed measures three centimeters long and has gold and dark blue stripes. In 1999, Dr. Zhiyuan Gong and his colleagues at the National University of Singapore were working with a gene called green fluorescent protein (GFP), originally extracted from a jellyfish, that naturally produced bright green bioluminescence. They inserted the gene into a zebrafish embryo, allowing it to integrate into the zebrafish’s genome, which caused the fish to be brightly fluorescent under both natural white light and ultraviolet light. Their goal was to develop a fish that could detect pollution by selectively fluorescing in the presence of environmental toxins. It is the first genetically modified animal to become publicly available as a pet. 2. Vacanti Mouse Source The Vacanti mouse was a laboratory mouse that had what looked like a human ear grown on its back. The â€Å"ear† was actually an ear-shaped cartilage structure grown by seeding cow cartilage cells into a biodegradable ear-shaped mold. The earmouse, as it became known as, was created by Dr. Charles Vacanti, at the University of Massachusetts in 1995. Created to demonstrate a method of fabricating cartilage structures for transplantation into human patients, a resorbable polyester fabric was infiltrated with bovine cartilage cells and implanted under the skin of a hairless mouse. The mouse itself was a commonly used strain of immunocompromised mouse, preventing a transplant rejection 3. Sudden-Death Mosquito Source Oxitec which is a British bio-tech company, has created genetically modified mosquitoes, which are programmed for sudden, early death. Oxitec’s technology is a variation of a proven process called â€Å"sterile insect technique† It involves irradiating male insects, causing mutations that make them sterile. When released into the wild, they mate with females passing on lethal genes which either kills the female or at least kills the youngs in her so then she fails to reproduce . Scientists at this British bio tech company said they have evidence that their genetically modified mosquitoes can by this way for sure control the spread of dengue fever. 4. Dolly the Sheep Source Not so cool or disturbing enough but dolly would hit this list for sure since she was the first ever cloned animal which means that she was produced from a single microscopic cell from a single parent (who hadn’t mated of-course). Cloning techniques might be used widely now in some part of worlds for food but dolly remains remarkable in being the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer. Normally off-springs are a result of interaction of sex cells but in case of dolly’s birth, sex cells weren’t involved. She was cloned by Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell and colleagues at the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh in Scotland. She was born on 5 July 1996 and she lived until the age of six. She has been called â€Å"the world’s most famous sheep† by sources including BBC News and Scientific American. To good, dolly was fertile and produced 6 lambs in total. She died in 2003, living about half as long as a typica l sheep. She developed a lung disease common in older sheep. 5. See-Through Frog Source Dissecting animals for science has sparked controversies worldwide, even prompting some companies to create computer simulations as cruelty-free alternatives. For high school students everywhere, this revealing amphibian may be a cut above regular frogs. That’s because the see-through frog does not require dissection to see its organs, blood vessels, and eggs. You can see through the skin how organs grow, how cancer starts and develops. It’s a miracle of genetic engineering and surely a cool mutant gift to students. 6. Jake the Alligator Man Source Jake the Alligator Man is a half-man, half-alligator on display in apparently mummified condition at Marsh’s Free Museum, a tourist trap in Long Beach, Washington. He was discovered in Florida swamp in 1993. He was reported for his escape from captivity, killing of a Miami man, and giving birth. Residents fled the region’s beaches in fear of terrifying monsters lurking the sand dunes. Scientists are controversial about this creature. Some say its a missing link and some say it might be a distant ancestor of man. However some later theories claimed that it was an early secret genetically engineering project gone wrong and wild. Whatever Jake’s true origin be but he surely is a mutant. 7. Ruppy Source Ruppy (short for Ruby Puppy) is a cloned beagle from South Korea who glows red under ultraviolet light. Ruppy was created in 2009 by a group of scientists in South Korea, led by Byeong-Chun Lee. The dog was cloned using viral transfection of fibroblasts cells with a protein that expresses the red fluorescent gene. 8. Land Mines Detecting Plants Source Developed by Copenhagen firm Aresa Biodetection, these genetically modified plants can be handy when it comes to saving the world. Whenever flowers hit nitrogen dioxide (which leaches into the soil from buried land mines), the plant changes color to red. 9. Fuel Excreting Genetically Modified Bugs This isn’t made up nor it’s sci-fi, a researcher at silicon valley has found genetically modified bugs which eat agricultural waste and excrete diesel fuel. [via TimesOnline] 10. Enviropig Source A genetically engineered pig approved for limited production which produces 65 percent less phosphorous in animal waste thus very environmental friendly Enviro-Pig Already created the Enviro-Pig has been genetically engineered with edited DNA from a pig and genetic material from mice. The result is the Enviro-Pig, a pig that is able to break down phosphorus. Normally within a normal pigs biology phosphorus cant be broken down and it comes out in their feces. The feces is used as fertilizer for crops and eventually most of it runs off into streams and rivers. This is where the problems begin as the phosphorus drastically increases algae blooms and destroys habitats for fish. This is why the Enviro-Pig was engineered as very little phosphorus comes out in its feces. Although there is a great ethical and moral dilemma surrounding the creation of animals that dont exist I do think that within a controlled environment that the Enviro-Pig is one that people should consider breeding on a larger scale. There are currently talks to allow the Enviro-Pigs meat to be sold in supermarkets. Despite the picture Ive included (mostly for a laugh) consider that the enviro-Pig doesnt look much different than a normal pig and its meat would have all of the same nutrients and nutritional value as shown in extensive testing of the animal. COWS (with human genes) More recently in 2011 Chinese scientist have been breeding cows genetically engineered with genes from human beings to produce milk that would be the same as human breast milk. Would I support this? I must admit I am not quite sure as we are now mixing human with animal, I suppose where that line is ends is a little blurry on that one. GOATS (that produce silk in their milk?) As unusual as it is this is a reality. A company called Biosteel has genetically engineered goats to produce milk with strong spider web like silk proteins in their milk. These particles are used by the company to make bulletproof vests and anti-ballistic missile systems for military contracts. Glow in the dark pigs Source: Glow in the dark pigs PIGS (that glow in the dark!) In 2006 in Taiwan scientists used genetic material from a jelly fish and implanted it into pig embyros. The result? Pigs that glow bright green in the dark! During the daylight hours these pigs have a tinge of green on their skin, snout and teeth but as soon as night comes they are light very fat fireflies trotting around their pigpen. The pigs whole body including its internal organs and heart glow green. The Taiwan scientists have said that the pigs were created for stem cell research, but why do you need glowing pigs for that? It can be noted that south korean scientists have also created a florescent glowing red dog called Ruppy, which is short for Ruby Puppy. Apes (with human genes) Japanese scientists have implanted human genes into marmosets and are currently using the monkeys to work on a cure for huntingtons disease and strokes in humans. Again is it good to be putting human genetics into animals? Im not sure, as said earlier there has to be a line somewhere, but where? It should also be noted that for a very long time scientists have been replacing the genes in mice (known as knockout mice) to perform these types of tests for cancer, parkinsons and other such diseases.

Life History Interview with Elderly Person

Life History Interview with Elderly Person Interview with an Older Person Christopher Mason Introduction Dr. Cheryl Lynn Robley is a 66 year old Caucasian female who currently lives in a retirement community in the Mississippi coastal town of Gulfport. She moved there from Tennessee to be near her son and two grand-daughters after being widowed a little over four years ago. While she enjoys being near her family, Dr. Robley explains it has been difficult adjusting to not only living alone, but also coming to grips with a new environment and an older age. Being brought up in a small southern farm town in West Tennessee during the 1950s and 60s, she attributes her commitment to care to her family, particularly her father. It was perhaps his encouragement and love that played the biggest role in her need to succeed not just as a woman, but also as a professional. She recalls that her first memory is of a trip to the store with him when she was four years old. Cheryl remembers walking hand in hand with her father as he looked at her and said, â€Å"Well, I’m with my best girl and sh e’s shinin’ bright as a star† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). Dr. Robley’s life has seemingly been one marked with challenge, opportunity, loss, as well as a desire to make a contribution to future generations. Childhood and Adolescence Normal growth and development has historically been described in relation to eight phases of maturation. Psycho-analyst, Eric Erikson, deemed these goals of intrinsic worth gained through personal development as, â€Å"trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity† (Sigelman Rider, 2014). While it is important to recognize that Erikson’s theory provides the framework of individual development through the cycle of eight defining moments, he makes no specification to the differences that gender or socioeconomics may play in the role of the life-span. Perhaps the first precipitating stressors that one can recognize in Dr. Robley’s life was when she was only twelve years old. An excellent example that follows the components of Stuart’s Stress Model occurred when Cheryl lost her three year old brother to Leukemia. The death of a loved one can be not only the test of how well an individual uses their resources to cope, but can also be a test of the resources for an entire family. As a child, Cheryl grew up active in her church and community and she found that there was solace in both of her grand-mother’s homes. She remembers that her piano lessons went on, as her classes at school did, but the death of her younger brother was too much for her mother to bear. Cheryl said that she had to become the mother to her younger sister. â€Å"It was hard to be thrust into a role that I knew nothing about† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). During this phase children re-analyze their individu ality to discover the function that they will fill as adults. Failure to substantiate a personalized identity during this period of time can lead to role confusion and can cause a person to be uncertain of their identity inside society (Santrock, 2011). The biopsychosocial components of Stuart’s Stress Model suggest that Cheryl had the predisposition as well as strong family relationships that enhanced her ability to respond to grief in an adaptive rather than a maladaptive manner. She states that although her sister, one year younger, was not aware of the seriousness of their brother’s illness, she [Cheryl] knew that her bother would die because she looked up his diagnosis. She listened and observed everything around her, and those things that she did not understand, she either asked one of her grand-mothers about or looked up in an encyclopedia. This served as a background and education that prepared her to deal with the weight of death at such a young age (Stuart, 2 012). Erikson surmised that the relationships and conflicts a child confronts in society, specifically with the family, allows a child to begin to develop an ego and personality through their experience with â€Å"trust versus mistrust†. The possibility of positive outcomes through this life-stage, as with every other virtue, is a double-edged sword. An individual’s experience upon being challenged or threatened is a unique response that swings the spectrum of the maladaptive to the adaptive continuum of coping (Erikson, 1950; Stuart, 2012). Cheryl’s father, who was a science and math teacher, owned the large farm she grew up on, and later became Tennessee’s largest cotton crop farmer. Her mother was a high school beauty queen who was also a teacher for a short time before becoming a full-time house-wife and mother of four daughters. As a teenager, Cheryl was her church’s pianist, played basketball, and graduated as her high school’s valedictorian. She felt acceptance and pride from her father and most of her family. She always felt an obvious disconnect from her mother that had a negative effect on her self-concept as a female. She gained confidence through her accomplishments, and enjoyed making her father proud. At a young age she began to establish her identity within a society. Her mother’s critical nature probably had some lasting effect and could have contributed to role confusion and negative self-image, if her father had not played such a prominent role in her life. Cheryl says , â€Å"Into young adulthood I became not only his confidant, but he truly valued my opinion. During the holidays, the other women were in the kitchen, my father asked me to sit and converse with the men† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). Young Adulthood Cheryl also gained acceptance from her peers who voted her most likely to succeed in her senior class superlatives election. In 1968, she was accepted to Vanderbilt University in Nashville Tennessee. As she moved away from home, she began to have more control over her social circles and environment. Cheryl continued her high school success as an academic, asserting her independence. Cheryl says, â€Å"While college was an adventure in exploration, I had been instilled with a belief system; unlike some of the other students I did not go wild† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). According to Erikson, this stage of life can be a struggle between willpower and impulsivity and a balance between the two factors tends to give way to purpose and direction (Erikson, 1950). One of the more salient proponents of Stuart’s Stress Model is the individual’s choice, emotional, behavioral, and psychological response in life when risk is encountered. Cheryl discussed her time at Vanderbilt as the point at which she found her voice. After joining a sorority, â€Å"the girls tried to tell me who I could and could not be friends with† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). This was a clear test of how Cheryl would adapt to the consequences of potential injury of being judged in a life situation. She dropped out of the sorority and was friends with who she wanted to be friends with. Cheryl knew that her father had wanted to be a physician, and in college she was working toward this goal until confronted with her first psychology class. Dr. Robley says, â€Å"That one class certainly put my life on a very different track† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). After being given her typical Vanderbilt co-ed card by fraternity row, and three years of hard work, she graduated with a baccalaureate degree in psychology. She began graduate school at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville (UTK) with the coveted Veteran’s Administration (VA) scholarship. Even though Cheryl was very intelligent, she was quite reserved. At UTK, she was confronted with the first of her professors who cursed incessantly for shock appeal. Cheryl says that she turned red in every single class and stayed red until the end. She focused all of her energy on not letting this professor get the best of her. For Dr. Robley, learning to curse, became a defense mechanism. (Stuart, 2012). Cheryl was told by her professor and advisor that she was instinctually a diagnostician, and a natural therapist. She was one of three females in the Psychological Doctorate of Philosophy (Ph.D.) program at UTK in the early 70s. Cheryl said that is was very different from being in a program now. One difference was the data processor she used was the size of a small room and utilized punch cards. After-all, personal computers were yet to be invented. It was the time after the Vietnam War when psychology was a young science, as were many other innovative technologies we use today. She considers herself extremely lucky to have found and excelled at a skill that she was inherently good at and could be of help to so many people. It gave meaning to who she was, and affirmed her place in society. Dr. Robley is very familiar with the works of Erikson, Freud, and Maslow. She believes that in essence each of their theories effectively parallel one another in characterizing the cycle of action and reaction during growth patterns. â€Å"Each of Erikson’s stages or crises, must occur and in sequence, but the lines that separate these stages, do blur. People mature at different rates† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). Dr. Robley had the opportunity to do internships in Miami and Houston; she extraordinarily was also trained by the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI). Once Cheryl became Dr. Robley, she was hired as the director of the Alcohol and Drug (A D) unit at Moccasin Bend Psychiatric Hospital in Chattanooga Tennessee. It was the first year that the A D unit was open. Because funds were very limited, she and other employees completed the painting, renovations, and made quilts for the patient beds. She had complete autonomy. She interviewed and hired every nurse and orderly that would work in that unit. As a woman in such a position of authority, she found that the employees interested in helping the community were willing to follow her lead. However, every Friday, she met with the board of the hospital by which she was talked over and ignored until she remembered the shock factor of cursing. They did not expect her as a 5’ 2† 115 lb. girl to climb onto the conference table and pace back and forth in 3 inch heels cursing at the top of her lungs. She knew she made a risky choice that could have cost her career, but this smoky ro om full of middle aged men was uncharted territory for a young woman. In Stuart’s Model, the appraisal of stressors occurs when one gives cognitive meaning to previous loss, the weight of a potential obstacle, or challenge that emphasizes the chance of gain as opposed to the risk of loss (Stuart, 2012). In the 1970s, Cheryl would never have been successful as Dr. Robley without this kind of resilience, hardiness and self-assurance. Cheryl met Talle, a brazen artist that worked as a medical technician. When they met in her office, he propped his work boots on top of her desk and said, â€Å"You’re good, and I don’t know when you’re bluffing, but you are bluffing some of the time. No one as young as you are knows as much as you claim to know† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). Cheryl says that the only logical conclusion that she could draw was, â€Å"here is a challenge† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). They began dating. Cheryl says, â€Å"This was the time of my life† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). Although they were a perfect match, he never wore anything but blue jeans and she had never owned even one pair. Cheryl remembers that when she was in school the girls were required to wear skirts. When it snowed in Tennessee, she got to her class on the other side of the hill by sledding down t he icy slope on a piece of cardboard in a pencil skirt. She wasn’t completely demure. Cheryl laughs and recalls going to class to take an exam close to the holidays in a trench coat with nothing underneath. Middle Adulthood In 1976, the couple were pregnant and married. According to Erikson, â€Å"love and affiliation†, and whether one is emotionally and physically available to become intimate is one of the more important stages in an adult’s personal life (Erikson, 1950). Cheryl and Talle had a daughter, and three years later, a son as well. At this time, the family moved back to Cheryl’s home town of Jackson Tennessee; she opened a private practice that flourished. Her children were her greatest happiness and she was able to support her husband’s artistic talent as the breadwinner, but it was really being able to give back to the community she grew up in that made her feel like all of her hard work had been worth-while. Erikson’s outline of human development is very applicable to this statement as his 7th stage, â€Å"generativity versus stagnation†, points out the personal need to help others through there crisis stages or rather to make a difference in this world that one might see as a legacy. Cheryl stated with a shaky voice, â€Å"We were a very happy family, until I began to develop medical problems that no one could have predicted† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). Late Adulthood Dr. Robley developed migraines, degenerative disc disorder, and rheumatological problems around 40 years of age. While these problems began slowly, there were few health care professionals who knew enough about migraines and medication errors to effectively treat her. She continued working, even vomiting between patient sessions. She felt that there might be hope when she became aware of sumatriptan. While it was not available in the United States at that time, she was able to have it shipped from the Netherlands and later Canada. For a year it allowed her to resume work completely, as well as her life. The miracle of this resolution seemed to come to an end in one fell swoop. Developing an ischemic attack that resulted in a blocked artery left her unable to continue using the triptans for migraine relief. Physicians not knowing what to do, over-prescribed steroids for the inflammation which also caused her to develop diabetes mellitus type II. She was forced to close her practice an d allow both social security and private disability to pay for her medical bills and support her family. Cheryl and her husband had both always loved the freedom of being self-employed, however hard the work might have been. However, Talle shifted his focus from his own work to become a college professor of art. Dr. Robley feels that she has lost so much of what she has worked hard for and after losing her husband, has found herself to be more isolated and less involved in life. She has effectively disengaged. She says that she has fought for years and no longer owns a house or has any of the nice things that she once had. Although she sees her son and two grand-daughters most every week, and talks with her daughter who lives across the country; she for the first time in her life is not just alone, but lonely. Erikson was frugal in his utilization of the word achieve in the linguistic context of productive results, because it was implicit of gaining something distinct and everlasting. The psychosocial evolution is not straightforward and is not permanent: any former crisis can successfully return to anyone, albeit in a dissimilar pretext, with productive or unproductive outcomes. This perchance helps explain how high achievers can utterly fail, and how unsuccessful persons can in the end become ‘high achievers’. No-one should become contented, and there is promise for us all. (Amory, 2012, p. 253) Conclusion Dr. Robley said, â€Å"The person I identified as myself I no longer see. The accolades of my career feel like a former life† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). It is easy to see that Dr. Robley has had a lifetime of change in the last few years of her life. Without support or help, it would be difficult for anyone to cope with the drastic changes of illness, loss of finances, and especially the loss of a spouse. She must be encouraged to continue with the coping and defense mechanisms that produced the amazing doctor that gave to so many people. When you spend your hours taking care of the entire world, what do you do when the only person you have left to take care of is yourself? The Stuart Stress Adaptation Model interrelates a person’s unique reaction to stress given predisposing factors, the type of stressor, the individual’s perception of circumstances, as well as the available resources, and which resources one chooses to use in re action to the stressor (Stuart, 2012). The continuum of coping responses can vary from productive to damaging and can manifest as physical symptoms. The continuum from maladaptive to adaptive coping responses is a measurement of how healthy our reactions are. The final stage of Stuart’s Stress Model is the treatment and intervention stage. These are the exploration by the nurse and patient of both positive and negative consequences that were enabled by the patient’s cognitive misperceptions, and were then followed by maladaptive actions. A nurse’s goal is to help the patient to become aware of poor choices that result in negative consequences, and analyze strategies that are in favor of health promotion and a patient’s positive change in behavior. Dr. Cheryl Lynn Robley would perhaps benefit from a nursing intervention that refocused her interest in life by helping her to understand the things that she regrets. A nursing intervention directed toward stren gth training and balance might give her the capability to be more functional on a daily basis. A nurse and patient partnership toward better health has the ability to remind an elderly person that age is only a number and offer nurses the opportunity to begin their own legacy. References Amory, D. (2012). 3.23.3 Eriksons psychosocial development theory. In Techniques for personal coaching and self-coaching (p. 253). Raleigh, NC: Lulu.com. Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York, NY: W. W. Norton Company. Santrock, J. W. (2011). Life-span development (13th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. Sigelman, C. K., Rider, E. A. (2014). Life-span human development (8 ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Stuart, G. W. (2012). Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing (10 ed.). Maryland Heights, MO: Elsevier Saunders: Mosby.